How To Research Your Seafaring Ancestors

The intent of this article is to share with you the specific approach that I took to research my Pyves ancestors, who ultimately became master mariners. I conducted this research to provide key information for my new book Beyond the Sea - The stories of a mariner family from the Napoleonic Wars to WWII.

Starting around 1845, any sailor who went to sea in England, regardless of their position, was required to sign a crew agreement. This crew agreement identified the intended destination of the voyage, the expected duration of the voyage, as well as where the voyage would end. The crew agreement also provided information on each crew members position on the ship, their age, where they were born, their home address or the port that they were engaged at, how much they were to be paid and when and where they were discharged from the ship’s service.

 One of the most important pieces of information noted in the crew agreement is the previous ship on which the crew member had served. Also specified were the provisions that were to be supplied for each crew member by the shipowner. It was also not uncommon for the crew to be required to provide their own supplies, including both food items and cooking utensils.

Most crew agreements, where the ship was foreign-going, will provide data on the date a ship arrived in each port and when it departed. All ships upon arrival at a foreign port had to deposit the ship’s crew agreement with the local British Vice-Consul. If a crew member deserted the ship while in port, the Vice-Consul engaged the services of the local police authorities to track down the deserter and return the offender to the ship.

If like me, you are fortunate enough to have had a relative who rose to be a second or first mate or master mariner, then a good place to start is to search for their records at the Royal National Maritime Museum in Greenwich at https://www.rmg.co.uk. These files may also be available through a paid subscription to Ancestry. Once an individual applies to be examined for a mate or master position, their application will list all their previous experience by ship and date, up to the time of examination. This is a great way to determine which ships an individual served on and when. It should be noted that each ship has a unique identification number, like a serial number or a car licence plate.

As all crew agreements are filed by ship number, you can use the Crew List Index Project (CLIP) found at https://www.crewlist.org.uk to submit the name of a ship to get its ship number. Inputting the ship’s number into the CLIP database will identify for you which crew agreements are still available by year and where they can be found. Roughly 10% of surviving crew agreements are available through the National Archives UK at https://nationalarchives.gov.uk. Another 10% of crew agreements are held by the Royal National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England. The balance of existing crew agreements are held by the Maritime History Archive, Memorial University in Newfoundland found at https://mun.ca

 If your ancestor sailed out of a specific English port, then you might also want to check local archives. In my case, as one of my sea captains was based in Cardiff, I also contacted the Glamorgan Archives.

Once you have the archival reference number from CLIP for a specific ship and year, you can then submit a request to the relevant archive for a copy of all crew agreements for a specific year. I recommend moving from the present to the past, as one key piece of information in the crew agreement is the name of the ship your ancestor served on for the previous year. This information allows you to keep moving backward in time regarding their work experience. Getting copies of crew agreements can be expensive if you are researching the entire career of your seafaring ancestors, which can span over 50 years. Where possible, I recommend a subscription to newspapers.com at https://newspapers.com. Once you know the name of the ship your ancestor sailed on, you can recreate their voyage and most ports of call by date. Sometimes, even the cargo or other ship incidents such as collisions and shipwrecks that may have occurred can also be found by looking at newspaper shipping notices. This is a very cost-effective way to reconstruct a sailor’s voyages. The only time when using newspapers will not work is during times of war. You need to locate a military file for your ancestor.

 If you know the name of the ship your ancestor served on, you can get the English ship's movements through the National Archives UK ship movement cards for WWII. Please note that it was not uncommon for my surname, Pyves to be misspelled in over a dozen different ways, so you should look at variants on your surname in the newspaper articles.

Lloyd’s Register is a list of all sailing and steam ships registered in England by year from 1764 to 2000 is available at https://heritage.lrfoundation.org.uk/lloyds-register-of-ships-online. There you can find details about each ship on which your ancestor served. The ship listings for each year are alphabetical. For many years, and especially in the 1800s, the master for each ship is listed. If you are lucky like me to have an uncommon surname, this may be another way to determine which ships your ancestor was in command of. This is also true for the newspaper shipping notices that often identify the ship’s captain as part of the information on a specific voyage.

If your ancestor did not serve as a mate or captain, then all is not lost. Around 1845, each sailor who went to sea was assigned a ticket number. Their voyages were documented at least in the late 1840s and 1850s by name and ticket number. There are several files at the National Archives UK which may be of relevance to you, including:

Registers of seamen in BT 112 (1835-1857),

                                 BT 116 (Up to 1913)

                                  BT 119 (Name Index 1835-1857)

                                  BT 120 (1835-1836)

                                  BT 348 (1918-1941)

                                  BT 350 (Since 1918)

                                  BT 364 (1918-1941)

                                  BT 372 (Since 1918)

You can request the archive to check if your ancestors are listed in a specific file before ordering a relevant copy of their record. There is a reasonable cost associated with this service.

For my project, where I researched over 130 ships involved in over 800 voyages, I used newspapers as my primary source. I only had to request crew agreements for 57 ships at a cost of about $5,000 Canadian. This worked out to about $75 per ship for each one-year period. Without the use of newspapers, my cost would have been closer to $20,000. If you are curious as to the distances travelled by your relatives from port to port or for their overall voyage, there is an excellent sea distance calculator at Port to Port Distance » Nauticalculator. It provides the distance sailed in nautical miles.

You may also wish to get pictures of ships on which your relative sailed. By keying in the ship’s name on the internet, you will most likely find some existing photos. One excellent source is old postcards that are for sale at a reasonable cost.

 This brief article is not meant to be a comprehensive coverage of how to research your seafaring ancestors, but to share with you my specific approach for my new book Beyond the Sea - The stories of a mariners family from the Napoleonic Wars to WWII. Happy hunting, and may you have a strong wind in your sails!

Personal Perspectives on the Global Pandemic

There are not many world events in the last hundred years that compare with the magnitude of the current pandemic, which has virtually affected the entire world. For many years I have been fascinated by the 1918 Spanish Flu (H1N1) but never imagined that I would find myself in the middle of our own global pandemic.

The Spanish flu, also known as influenza struck the world in 1918. At the time, The First World War was reaching a key stage in Europe with a major German offensive in the spring followed by a major Allied counter-offensive over the last 100 days of the war culminating in the Armistice in November 1918. This first global conflict involving over 50 countries and colonies resulted in over 35 million civilian and military casualties including over 15 million deaths. Sadly, this horrific loss was compounded in the next two to three years, as the Spanish flu swept through the globe in successive waves leaving at least another 50 million dead and was particularly deadly for young people, whose autoimmune systems overreacted to the virus, resulting in pneumonia and death.

The good news is that one hundred years later, many advances have been made in understanding how viruses interact with the human body. Although the current COVID 19 virus can be particularly deadly to some segments of the population including the elderly, with today’s improvements in medicine and the ability to communicate in a timely fashion “best practices” to prevent infection, the magnitude of the COVID virus impacts will be mitigated versus the world’s experience 100 years ago. Although the global infection numbers, currently at 40 million with over 1 million deaths is a major concern and the impact on businesses and individuals in terms of employment, stress, commerce, social interactions, travel and general well-being are significant and seem to be never ending, there is hope that there will be many positive outcomes in the longer term.

The current pandemic has changed how we shop, how and where we work and brought a higher level of awareness to the fact that we are all part of a global community. We need to co-operate to achieve success in not only developing an effective vaccine but also in assuring that all countries have the resources including personal protective equipment to mitigate risk and to protect all front line workers and the population in general. The current situation, also highlights that we need to respect the environment and address key issues such as global warming as ultimately changes in our environment from pollution is another way that future generations will be impacted globally. In some countries like Canada, there is a heightened awareness of the need for a minimum guaranteed income for all classes and also the importance of the arts and entertainment communities to help individuals from a mental health perspective to deal with isolation, anxiety and restrictions in travel and social interactions.

In the opening lines of a well-known story – The Tale of Two Cities – Charles Dickens wrote, “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”. I believe that we can all relate to this well- known line in that for many, they may feel it is the “Worst of Times” but I am confident that going forward we will look back on our experiences during the COVID pandemic and reflect that it was a key turning point to lead us going forward to ‘The Best of Times.”

New Podcast on Courage, Sacrifice and Betrayal - The Story of the Victoria Rifles of Canada, 60th Battalion, in the First World War

A few weeks ago I sat down with Dean Karayanis, the host of HistoryAuthor.com, associated with iHeart Radio to talk about my latest book Courage, Sacrifice, and Betrayal. You can check out our chat below. I hope that you enjoy the podcast as much as I did in answering Dean's many diverse and interesting questions on the book and how the book came together.

CSBPodcast

Sometimes I truly can't see the forest for the trees

In writing my most recent book, Courage, Sacrifice and Betrayal - The Story of the Victoria Rifles in WWI the battalion's soldiers tell the story of the battalion through their own personal recollections and letters. I have been fortunate in being able to find some 86 personal recollections and letters from 20 different individuals ranging from privates to the Commanding Officer of the battalion. Ironically 42 of these letters have come from sources which should have been obvious to me but in reality came late in the research and writing process. One of these individuals was A. Y. Jackson, the Group of Seven painter who initially served as a private in the 60th Battalion until he was wounded in June 1916. It was only while I was polishing off my book proposal that I thought to seek out any letters that Jackson may have written about his experiences with the 60th Battalion. In conducting an initial web search I was fortunate to come across a piece written by Dr. Jonathon Scotland,  an historian with the Dictionary of Canadian Biography entitled "A Painter's Pen: A. Y. Jackson's & the Great War, 1914-1964" . Dr. Scotland was kind enough to share with me his copies of A. Y. Jackson's letters allowing me to discover nine letters which were relevant to my story. Jackson's letters clearly depict a man who although critical of the military strives to do his duty in a wold, in sharp contrast to his former life as an artist. Another rather late find was the discovery of 25 letters written by the Commanding Officer Lieutenant Colonel Frederick de Long Gascoigne while in the trenches, to his younger brother Fred in Canada. Frederick's letters provide a unique perspective into the challenges, doubts and humanity of the top officer in the battalion both as he prepares his men for action and later as he struggles to prevent the breakup of the battalion.

One of the first casualties once the battalion was in Belgium was the Honourable Captain Alfred Thomas Shaughnessy son of Baron Shaughnessy, President of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. Captain Shaughnessy was sadly killed by shrapnel on March 31, 1916.  Captain Shaughnessy's wife Sarah Polk Bradford, a descendent of the eleventh President of the United States was in London expecting their third child. It was only late in the writing process that I decided to research his family and discovered a series of letters exchanged between Sarah and Alfred which clearly expressed the great love and admiration that each held for the other.

In summary I would say that sometimes it is the most obvious connections to the past that we miss so don't do what I did which is nearly miss the forest for the trees. Retrace your research efforts and look for the obvious, it is just in front of you. Happy hunting!

But my relative did not serve with the 60th Battalion.....

In my research to find personal stories, letters and photos of soldiers who served with the 60th Battalion I contacted literally thousands of individuals. One common response from these individuals was "but my relative served with another battalion, you must have the wrong person." It was not an unreasonable initial response as many individuals were not aware that the majority of Canadian battalions did not fight as a unit in France and Belgium.

During WWI over 250 Battalions were raised to fight overseas. Although many of these battalions raised locally in Canada arrived intact in England, most did not actually serve as a complete fighting unit in France and Belgium. Only about fifty of the Canadian Battalions actually saw front line service with the balance used to provide reinforcement drafts for these front line battalions. Sometimes a reinforcement draft might be quite small while in other instances an entire company of 200 men might be shipped as a complete unit to reinforce a particular battalion.

In the case of the 60th Battalion, it received reinforcement drafts from over 30 different Battalions. As the 60th Battalion which had originally been raised in Montreal suffered significant casualties in 1916 and early 1917, it received reinforcement drafts from battalions raised primarily in Ontario and the Atlantic provinces. Among the largest contributors was the 75th Mississauga Battalion raised in Toronto providing 315 soldiers,  the 124th Governor General's Body Guard Battalion also raised in Toronto contributed an additional 160 soldiers and the 125th Overseas Battalion. raised in Brantford, Ontario provided a reinforcement draft of 101 soldiers.. The 123rd Royal Grenadiers Battalion also raised in Toronto provided 101 soldiers. 

Reinforcements for the 60th Battalion also came from the 55th Reserve Battalion comprised of men originally enlisting from New Brunswick and P.E.I. and the 40th Reserve Battalion with men enlisting in Nova Scotia. In total some 250 individuals from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and P.E.I. served with the 60th Battalion. All of these reinforcement drafts over time dramatically changed the composition of the Battalion in terms of regional representation but not the fighting efficiency and contribution of the 60th Battalion to the overall war effort.

60th Battalion - Victoria Rifles of Canada - Interesting Facts For The History Buff

• 60th Battalion captured the Town of Vimy and Petit  Vimy as part of the Battle of Vimy Ridge
• A.Y. Jackson the group of seven artist fought with the 60th Battalion and was wounded on June 3, 1916. He was commissioned as Canada's first war artist in WWI in 1917
• 60th Battalion was only one of four front line battalions disbanded before war end due to politics
• The youngest soldier at time of enlistment was fifteen year old Private John Stephen Stark (491119)  from London, Ontario
• The oldest surviving member of the 60th Battalion was Sgt. John William Stocker at 102 years old
• 2.812 soldiers served with the 60th Battalion overseas in WWI
• By end April 1917 the Battalion has sustained 1,461 casualties including 303 making the supreme sacrifice while fighting in seven major actions
• Of the 23 recipients of the Military Medal, nine were awarded posthumously
• There was only one Commanding Officer of the 60th Battalion - Lt.-Col. Frederick De Long Gascoigne
• The last original soldier from the 60th Battalion to be killed-in-action was Sgt. William Henry Brown (458508) on November 11, 1918
• Of the men who would continue in the field after the breakup of the 60th Battalion, an additional 152 men would die before war end. 
• The oldest soldier to enlist in the 60th Battalion was 53 year old Private Walter Hatfull, a bricklayer from Montreal
• The youngest soldier to be killed in action was 17 year old Private Philip Gallant (445672) from Grandy New Brunswick
• Today there are between 100-150,000 direct descendants of the 60th Battalion soldiers who served overseas
• Over 60% of casualties were due directly to artillery
• 60th Battalion reinforcement drafts came primarily from Ontario and the Atlantic provinces
• Sergeant Edward Lewis Pyves (457596) was awarded the Military medal for his actions at Hill 60 on August 12, 1916
• Over 50% of 60th Battalion soldiers were born in the U.K. with almost 40% born in Canada
• 60th Battalion engagements included Sanctuary Wood and Hill 60 in the Ypres Salient, Zollern Graben and Regina trench in the Somme and Vimy, Petit Vimy and La Chaudiere at Vimy Ridge
• Battalion was in existence for a total of 700 days including 452 days in the trenches

And I thought I was finished!

About five months ago, after researching and writing for over five years I thought I had finished my first draft for my new book - Victoria Rifles of Canada - 60th Overseas Battalion in WWI. By way of background, both my grandfather Edward Lewis Pyves (Military Medal) and my great uncle Stanley Pyves both served with the 60th in WWI, which was the prime motivation in writing the story of the 60th Battalion.

Writing about events which took place a hundred years ago is challenging, especially when the main participants are all long gone. I wanted to personalize the history of the 60th Battalion by adding stories, letters and pictures of the individual soldiers to bring the saga of the Battalion to life. Then, what now seems so obvious struck me - why not reach out to the living relatives of the 2,811 soldiers for assistance. Over the last four months using Ancestry.ca as a key resource,  I have sent out over 2,300 inquiries and as most genealogist's know, family historians are quite responsive and helpful. To-date I have had a response rate approaching 50% and have unearthed many photos as well as stories and letters relating to individual soldiers' experiences with the 60th Battalion during the war years.

Having the advantage of knowing for most of the soldiers their birth dates, place of birth and next of kin - information available from each soldiers attestation papers available at Library & Archive  Canada, I was able to use both the Public and Private family Trees posted on Ancestry.ca to complete my research. This research tool has made it possible to add the individual experiences, recollections and letters written some 100 years ago to my manuscript with the permission and co-operation of their direct descendants.  Over the next few months I will have completed a new draft of the Victoria Rifles of Canada which will be much richer due to the added content.